Thermal oxidative aging test of nitrile rubber5171was carried out. The thermal oxidative aging behaviors were studied combining with macro and micro performance analysis before and after aging. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber5171declined greatly during earlier stage; relative content of oxygen at surface and the crosslink density increases apparently, indicating that the crosslink reaction is the main reactions of nitrile rubber5171during aging; relative content of carbon at surface increases with the extension of aging time, while oxygen and nitrogen decreasing, indicating that the antioxidant D and dibutyl sebacate diffuses and migrates from inside to the outside of nitrile rubber5171.